How do withdrawal and intoxication criteria differ in DSM-5-TR?

• A. Intoxication is a reversible syndrome caused by deprivation.
• B. Withdrawal is a reversible syndrome caused by recent use.
• C. Intoxication is a reversible syndrome caused by recent substance use; withdrawal refers to the physiological and cognitive symptoms that occur upon decreasing or stopping substance use after heavy use.
• D. Withdrawal and intoxication are the same.

Answer: (C)

Intoxication and withdrawal describe opposite phases of substance use in DSM-5-TR. Intoxication is a reversible syndrome produced by recent substance use, with behavioral, psychological, and physical changes that emerge soon after ingestion and subside as the substance leaves the body. Withdrawal refers to the physiological and cognitive symptoms that arise when someone reduces or stops heavy, prolonged use, reflecting the body's adaptation to the substance and occurring after cessation rather than during use. This distinction aligns with DSM-5-TR by defining intoxication as a current, reversible state due to recent use, and withdrawal as a separate set of symptoms that appear after stopping or decreasing use.