What distinguishes consent from assent?

• A. Informed consent is legal authorization; assent is agreement to participate when capacity is limited or for minors; guardians may provide consent.
• B. Informed consent is only for adults; assent is for everyone.
• C. Assent replaces consent entirely.
• D. Consent is optional if assent is present.

Answer: (A)

Consent and assent reflect different levels of decision-making authority. Informed consent is the legal permission given by someone who has the capacity to decide, after being fully informed, to participate. Assent is an affirmative agreement to participate from someone who does not have full decision-making capacity—such as a minor or a person with cognitive limitations—so that their willingness is respected even though a guardian provides the actual permission. Guardians may provide consent for the participation of those who cannot consent themselves. The two work together: the guardian’s consent grants permission, while the individual’s assent shows their willingness to be involved.